70 years) and current livestock grazing on compositional and functional attributes of understory plant composition. Therefore, the protected forests in TDPBR were compared with adjacent livestock ranching areas. 3) The third research evaluated the effects of time since fire on bird species composition and functional-traits of birds inhabiting the forests in TDPBR. Three areas have been compared: a) one area 4-years after burning; b) another area >70 years after burning and; c) unburned forests. In the first research, we found that the density of living trees and basal area in burned sites was significantly reduced by fire (91.7% and 70.9% respectively). The regeneration in burned sites was also significantly lower than in unburned sites (22,750 and 1,125 seedlings ha-1 respectively). A significant difference in the composition of vascular plants between burned and unburned sites was detected, burned sites had a higher number of species than unburned stands. A strong invasion by exotic plant species occurred in the recent-burned stands. This invasion would be an important factor impeding the establishment of seedlings in the disturbed forests. In the second research, we found that the combined effect of grazing and old-fires increased the richness of plant species. Livestock grazing increased the richness of exotic plants, while old-fires had no effect on plant invasion. Also, there was a differential impact on the composition of plant functional traits both to grazing and fire. For instance, annual plants, endozoochore species and aboveground clonals were positively associated with grazing, while plants producing hard spines (resprouting shrubs) were positively associated with burning. We conclude that even at low levels of livestock grazing, domestic animals produced a significant effect in the differentiation of understory plant composition, and old-fires had an effect on forest structure and understory plant composition. In the third research, we found that time since fire had a significant effect on bird species composition and there were also differences in the bird functional-traits related to the fire regime. For instance, bark insectivores and cavity nesters were positively associated with unburned old-growth forests, while granivore, omnivores and open-cup ground nesters were found positively associated with burned sites. It has been found also, that exotic plant invasion occurring after recent-fires affected positively granivore and understory nesters, especially Zonotrichia capensis (Emberizidae). It has been concluded that the species considered as “true forest birds” (mainly cavity nesters and bark foragers) were mostly negatively affected by fires. Birds inhabiting shrublands were increased in abundance after fires. These results suggest that the bird communities inhabiting those fire-sensitive forests resulted in a species turnover after fires. As management recommendations, it has been suggested to implement a biodiversity-monitoring program in the forests of TDPBR, to record compositional, structural and functional attributes as reference of pristine sites. Also, it has been suggested to better inform the tourists about the deleterious and long lasting effects of fire on forests structure, plant composition and bird communities. Finally, it has been suggested to maintain the protected areas isolated (by fencing) from the effects of adjacent livestock ranches, especially those at risk of invasion by exotic plants. " /> 70 years) and current livestock grazing on compositional and functional attributes of understory plant composition. Therefore, the protected forests in TDPBR were compared with adjacent livestock ranching areas. 3) The third research evaluated the effects of time since fire on bird species composition and functional-traits of birds inhabiting the forests in TDPBR. Three areas have been compared: a) one area 4-years after burning; b) another area >70 years after burning and; c) unburned forests. In the first research, we found that the density of living trees and basal area in burned sites was significantly reduced by fire (91.7% and 70.9% respectively). The regeneration in burned sites was also significantly lower than in unburned sites (22,750 and 1,125 seedlings ha-1 respectively). A significant difference in the composition of vascular plants between burned and unburned sites was detected, burned sites had a higher number of species than unburned stands. A strong invasion by exotic plant species occurred in the recent-burned stands. This invasion would be an important factor impeding the establishment of seedlings in the disturbed forests. In the second research, we found that the combined effect of grazing and old-fires increased the richness of plant species. Livestock grazing increased the richness of exotic plants, while old-fires had no effect on plant invasion. Also, there was a differential impact on the composition of plant functional traits both to grazing and fire. For instance, annual plants, endozoochore species and aboveground clonals were positively associated with grazing, while plants producing hard spines (resprouting shrubs) were positively associated with burning. We conclude that even at low levels of livestock grazing, domestic animals produced a significant effect in the differentiation of understory plant composition, and old-fires had an effect on forest structure and understory plant composition. In the third research, we found that time since fire had a significant effect on bird species composition and there were also differences in the bird functional-traits related to the fire regime. For instance, bark insectivores and cavity nesters were positively associated with unburned old-growth forests, while granivore, omnivores and open-cup ground nesters were found positively associated with burned sites. It has been found also, that exotic plant invasion occurring after recent-fires affected positively granivore and understory nesters, especially Zonotrichia capensis (Emberizidae). It has been concluded that the species considered as “true forest birds” (mainly cavity nesters and bark foragers) were mostly negatively affected by fires. Birds inhabiting shrublands were increased in abundance after fires. These results suggest that the bird communities inhabiting those fire-sensitive forests resulted in a species turnover after fires. As management recommendations, it has been suggested to implement a biodiversity-monitoring program in the forests of TDPBR, to record compositional, structural and functional attributes as reference of pristine sites. Also, it has been suggested to better inform the tourists about the deleterious and long lasting effects of fire on forests structure, plant composition and bird communities. Finally, it has been suggested to maintain the protected areas isolated (by fencing) from the effects of adjacent livestock ranches, especially those at risk of invasion by exotic plants. " /> FreiDok plus - Anthropogenic disturbances affecting Southern Beech (Nothofagus pumilio) forests in Torres del Paine Biosphere Reserve, southern Chilean Patagonia
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